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barrel organ
A barrel organ (or roller organ) is a mechanical musical instrument consisting of bellows and one or more ranks of pipes housed in a case, usually of wood, and often highly decorated. The basic principle is the same as a traditional pipe organ, but rather than being played by an organist, the barrel organ is activated either by a person turning a crank, or by clockwork driven by weights or springs. The pieces of music are encoded onto wooden barrels (or cylinders), which are analogous to the keyboard of the traditional pipe organ.
==Terminology==
There are many names for the barrel organ, such as hand organ, cylinder organ, box organ (though that can also mean a positive organ), street organ, grinder organ, and Low Countries organ. In French names include ''orgue à manivelle'' ("crank organ") and ''orgue de Barbarie'' ("Barbary organ"); German names include ''Drehorgel'' ("crank organ"), ''Leierkasten'' ("brace box"), and ''Walzenorgel'' ("cylinder organ"); Italian names include ''organetto a manovella'' ("crank organ") and ''organo tedesco'' ("German organ"). While many of these terms refer to the physical operation of the crank, some refer to an exotic origin. The French name ''orgue de Barbarie'', suggesting barbarians, has been explained as a corruption of the terms ''bara'' ("bread") and ''gwen'' ("wine") in Breton language, a false derivation from an Italian manufacturer from Modena, Giovanni Barberi〔Jean-Christian Michel. "(Histoire des orgues de Barbarie )." Official website.〕 or the English inventor John Burberry.〔Gianni Gili, "(Mais, où se trouve la Barbarie ? )." at musicameccanica.it〕
The term hurdy-gurdy is sometimes mistakenly applied to a small, portable barrel organ that was frequently played by organ grinders and buskers (street musicians), but in modern usage the two terms should not be confused. Although the hurdy-gurdy is also powered by a crank and often used by street performers, it produces sound with a rosin-covered wheel rotated against tuned strings. Another key difference is that the hurdy-gurdy player is free to play any tune he or she desires, while the barrel organist is generally confined to pre-programmed tunes.
Some also confuse the barrel organ with the steam organ or calliope. In the United Kingdom barrel pianos, particularly those played in the streets, are frequently called barrel organs.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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